14^th International Congress on Autoimmunity June 22-23, 2020 Brisbane, Australia

Virus infection may be a primary issue that has been concerned within the initiation of disease. Infection triggers a strong and frequently well-coordinated reaction that's important for infective agent clearance. However, in some instances, immune regulative mechanisms might falter, culminating within the breakdown of self-tolerance, leading to immune-mediated attack directed against each infective agent and self-antigens.

The majority of people living with autoimmune complaints are women, frequently those who are of childbearing age. Autoimmune diseases, majority of these diseases are more common in women than in men a predictable 75% because this higher prevalence is partly attributable to the X chromosome, which has many genes relating to the immune system. Autoimmune diseases attack in women three times more than men. Some Autoimmune diseases have an even complex incidence in women.

The immune system has the capacity to mount an immune response to virtually all molecules and/or cells. Although the capacity to respond to self-antigen is present in all of us, in most instances such responses result in tolerance, indicating that mechanisms must exist to prevent or subdue autoimmune responses. Moreover, auto-reactive T and B cells, as well as auto-antibodies, are found in people who do not have autoimmune diseases, demonstrating that immunological auto-reactivity alone is not sufficient for the development of the disease. The mechanisms currently thought to prevent/dampen autoimmune responses include inactivation or deletion of auto reactive B and T cells, active suppression by cells or cytokines, idiotype or anti-idiotype interactions, and the immunosuppressive adrenal hormones, the glucocorticoids.

Autoimmune thyroiditis is a chronic disease in which the body interprets the thyroid glands and its hormone products T3, T4 and TSH as threats, therefore producing special antibodies that target the thyroid’s cells, thereby destroying it. The symptoms may vary depending on the thyroid function, i.e. hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism will cause sweating, speedy pulse rate, anxiety, tremors, fatigue, problem sleeping, unexpected weight loss, and sticking eyes. Hypothyroidism will cause weight gain, fatigue, dry skin, hair loss, intolerance to cold, and constipation. Autoimmune thyroiditis has a higher prevalence in societies that have a higher intake of iodine in their diet

Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease in which the body’s own immune system attacks the liver and causes it to become inflamed. The disease is chronic, meaning it lasts many years. If untreated, it can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. There are two forms of this disease. Autoimmune hepatitis is characteristically responsive to corticosteroids, often used in combination with azathioprine to obtain a steroid-sparing effect. Therefore, autoimmune liver diseases are presently treated by suppression of the immune response.

Immunotherapy is the treatment of disease by activating or suppressing the immune system. The use of immune system components or antigens to treat a disease or disorder is known as immunotherapy.  Immunotherapy is most commonly used to treat allergies, autoimmune disorders such as Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis, and certain cancers. Cell-based immunotherapies are effective for some cancers. Immune effector cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells (NK Cell), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), etc., work together to defend the body against cancer by targeting abnormal antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells. Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies, while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as suppression immunotherapies.

Molecular immunology is a branch of immunology that concentrates to diagnose and analyze immune system and its processes at a molecular level. The immune system is the system that protects the living body from foreign entities, such as bacteria or other infectious agents in the body. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. Molecular immunology deals with immune responses at cellular and molecular level. Molecular immunology has been evolved for better understanding of the sub-cellular immune responses for prevention and treatment of immune related disorders and immune deficient diseases.

Cancer immunology is division of biology which deals with understanding the role of the immune system in the development of cancer and string. The most well notable application in cancer immunology is cancer immunotherapy which taps the immune system as a treatment for cancer.

Immunology is the study of the immune system. The immune system is how all animals, including humans, protect themselves against diseases. The study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system is clinical immunology. The disorders of the immune system fall into two broad categories:

•  Immunodeficiency, in this immune system fails to provide an adequate response.
• Autoimmunity, in this immune system attacks its own host's body.

Translational immunology is the process by which researchers use immunological discoveries to develop practical solutions for human problems. Examples include the development of vaccines against infectious diseases or the engineering of new types of drugs to treat inflammatory disorders.

Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders such as autoimmune diseases hypersensitivities immune deficiency, and transplant rejection the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. The study of the molecular and cellular elements that comprise the system as well as their operate and interaction is that the central science of medical specialty. Medical specialty has applications in varied disciplines of drugs notably within the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, medical specialty, virology, medical specialty, parasitology, psychiatry, and medical specialty. The body substance (antibody) response is outlined because the interaction between antibodies and antigens.

The immune system has developed a variety of approaches to controlling viral and bacterial infection, which range from direct killing of pathogen to elaborating cytokines that inhibit replication.  Pathogens have countered by developing a variety of immune evasion mechanisms that inhibit cytokine function and prevent immune recognition of infected cells.  The human immune system typically produces both T cells and B cells that are capable of being reactive with self-antigens, but these self-reactive cells are usually either killed prior to becoming active within the immune system, placed into a state of, or removed from their role within the immune system by regulatory cells.

Several self-molecules are known as target antigens in reaction diseases. Since lack or loss of tolerance to those molecules is one among the key events promoting pathology, researchers area unit exploring the chance that the administration of antigens or peptides might stimulate tolerogenic mechanisms and delay or forestall the complete phenotypical expression of reaction diseases.

Forecast the end result of medical aid in clinical trials, or aid in developing improved treatments or preventative measures. All of those applications are applied to the response diseases. As a case in purpose, we've got through the years used biomarkers to predict status and therefore the longer-range outcome of thyroid pathology using, variety of various approaches